Ecological Pyramids
Energy must be transferred from one trophic level to the next
Transfer efficiency: only 10% of energy can be transferred to the next trophic level b/c organisms need energy to maintain their own metabolism, reproduction, activity
Energy pyramid: the amount of energy must decrease with increasing trophic level
Top carnivores: primary production sets the upper limit of top trophic levels and the number of trophic levels in the system